python中使用尾递归代码范例

如果一个函数中所有递归形式的调用都出现在函数的末尾，我们称这个递归函数是尾递归的。当递归调用是整个函数体中最后执行的语句且它的返回值不属于表达式的一部分时，这个递归调用就是尾递归。尾递归函数的特点是在回归过程中不用做任何操作，这个特性很重要，因为大多数现代的编译器会利用这种特点自动生成优化的代码。

原理

当编译器检测到一个函数调用是尾递归的时候，它就覆盖当前的活跃记录而不是在栈中去创建一个新的。编译器可以做到这点，因为递归调用是当前活跃期内最后一条待执行的语句，于是当这个调用返回时栈帧中并没有其他事情可做，因此也就没有保存栈帧的必要了。通过覆盖当前的栈帧而不是在其之上重新添加一个，这样所使用的栈空间就大大缩减了，这使得实际的运行效率会变得更高。因此，只要有可能我们就需要将递归函数写成尾递归的形式.

# This program shows off a python decorator(
# which implements tail call optimization. It
# does this by throwing an exception if it is
# it's own grandparent, and catching such
# exceptions to recall the stack.

import sys

class TailRecurseException:
  def __init__(self, args, kwargs):
    self.args = args
    self.kwargs = kwargs

def tail_call_optimized(g):
  """
  This function decorates a function with tail call
  optimization. It does this by throwing an exception
  if it is it's own grandparent, and catching such
  exceptions to fake the tail call optimization.

  This function fails if the decorated
  function recurses in a non-tail context.
  """
  def func(*args, **kwargs):
    f = sys._getframe()
    if f.f_back and f.f_back.f_back and f.f_back.f_back.f_code == f.f_code:
      raise TailRecurseException(args, kwargs)
    else:
      while 1:
        try:
          return g(*args, **kwargs)
        except TailRecurseException, e:
          args = e.args
          kwargs = e.kwargs
  func.__doc__ = g.__doc__
  return func

@tail_call_optimized
def factorial(n, acc=1):
  "calculate a factorial"
  if n == 0:
    return acc
  return factorial(n-1, n*acc)

print factorial(10000)
# prints a big, big number,
# but doesn't hit the recursion limit.

@tail_call_optimized
def fib(i, current = 0, next = 1):
  if i == 0:
    return current
  else:
    return fib(i - 1, next, current + next)

print fib(10000)
# also prints a big number,
# but doesn't hit the recursion limit.